스페인 내전의 알려지지 않은 이야기들

주석

1. Najati Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1979), 127. ↩
2. Tomás Bárbulo, “Los moros de la ‘cruzada’ de Franco,” El País, February 28, 2006 [online]; Adnan Mechbal, “Los Moros de la Guerra Civil Española: entre memoria e historia,” Amnis 2 (2011) [online]. ↩
3. See, for example, María Rosa de Madariaga, Los moros que trajo Franco (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2015); Francisco Sánchez Ruano, Islam y Guerra Civil Española: Moros con Franco y con la República (Madrid: La Esfera, 2004); José Antonio González Alcantud, ed., Marroquíes en la guerra civil española, campos equívocos (Barcelona: Anthropos, 2003). ↩
4. 예를 들어 다음을 보라. “Las tropas moras en la Guerra Civil,” El País, April 24, 2009 [online]; “Franco’s Recruitment of Moroccans in Spanish Civil War: The Forgotten Injustice (Part I),” Morocco World News, July 9, 2012 [online]; “Spanish Civil War: When Moroccans Were Used as Cannon Fodder,” Morocco World News, September 24, 2012 [online]. ↩
5. Salvador Bofarull, “Brigadistas árabes en la Guerra de España. Combatientes por la República,” Nación Árabe 51 (2004): 121–34 ↩
6. Mechbal, “Los Moros,” 9 (따로 명시하지 않은 한 모든 번역은 필자가 했음). ↩
7. Abd al-Latif Bin Salem, “Los voluntarios árabes en las Brigadas internationals,” Revista internacional de sociología 46, no. 4 (1988): 543–73; Bofarull, “Brigadistas árabes,” 121; Francisco Sánchez Ruano, “Rubio Hachmi. último combatiente marroquí por la República,” República 49 (August–December 2002), 29–30; Georges Gonzalez, L’Algérie dans les brigades internationales: 1936–1939 et ses lendemains (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2016). ↩
8. 이 주제에 관한 사학사적 논의는 다음을 참조하라. Sánchez Ruano, Islam y Guerra Civil, 277–82. ↩
9. Andreu Castells, Las brigadas internacionales de la guerra de España (Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1974), 379–83. ↩
10. 러시아 국립 사회정치사 문서보관소는 출신국별로 정리된 의용군 개인 철을 소장하고 있다. 폴더 Algeria 545, Morocco 620, Egypt 436, Iraq 437, Lebanon 607, Syria 843을 참조하라. 팔레스타인 출신 의용군 폴더도 두 개(625, 626) 있지만 유대인만 등재되어 있다. ↩
11. Raanan Rein, “A Belated Inclusion: Jewish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War and Their Place in the Israeli National Narrative,” Israel Studies 17, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 28. ↩
12. 국제여단에 관해서는 다음을 참조하라. Isidro Sánchez, ed., Las Brigadas Internacionales. 80 años después (Albacete: CEDOBI, 2019); Josep Sánchez and Cervelló Sebastián Agudo Blanco, eds., Las Brigadas Internacionales: nuevas perspectivas en la historia de la Guerra Civil y del exilio (Tarragona: UVR, 2015). 국제여단 내 유대인에 관해서는 다음을 참조하라. Gerben Zaagsma, Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War (New York: Bloomsbury, 2017); Arno Lustiger, Shalom libertad! Les juifs dans la guerre civile epagnole (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1991); David Dimant, Combattants juifs dans L’Armée Republicaine Espagnole (Paris: Renouveau, 1979). 국제여단 내 팔레스타인계 유대인에 관해서는 다음을 참조하라. 라아난 레인, “Entre lo internacional y lo nacional-étnico: los voluntarios judíos de Palestina y Argentina en la Guerra Civil Española,” Dictatorships & Democracies 8, no. 2 (2020): 47–75; Nir Arielli, “Induced to Volunteer? The Predicament of Jewish Communists in Palestine and the Spanish Civil War,” Journal of Contemporary History 46, no. 4 (2011): 854–70. ↩
13. Avner Ben-Zaken, Communism as Cultural Imperialism (Tel-Aviv: Resling, 2006), 237–38; Dan Yahav, They Too Were Heroes: Volunteer Fighters from Eretz Israel in the International Brigades in Spain (Tel Aviv: Tcherikover, 2008), 164 [두 문헌 모두 히브리어로 작성됨]; Mustafa Kabha, “The Spanish Civil War as Refected in Contemporary Palestinian Press,” in Arab Responses to Fascism and Nazism: 1933–1945: Reappraisals and New Directions, ed. Israel Gershoni (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014), 134. ↩
14. Rein, “A Belated Inclusion,” 29. ↩
15. Nagib Yussuf, “For the Aid of Bleeding Spain,” ANTIFA News [one-time release], September 16, 1936, 2. ↩
16. Bin Salem, “Los voluntarios árabes,” 570; Gabi E. Sichon, “Les volontaires juifs dans la gurre civile en espagne,” Temps modernes 507 (October 1988): 56; Lustiger, Shalom libertad, 462. ↩
17. Gerold Gino Baunmann, Extranjeros en la guerra civil española: los peruanos (Lima: Industrial Gráfca, 1979), 113–16. ↩
18. Author’s interview with Hussein Yassin, March 16, 2022; Bin Salem, “Los voluntarios árabes,” 570. ↩
19. Musa Budeiri, The Palestine Communist Party 1919–1948: Arab and Jew in the Struggle for Internationalism (London: Ithaca Press, 1979), 17. ↩
20. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 14–15. ↩
21. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 127. ↩
22. Sánchez Ruano, Islam y Guerra Civil, 269. ↩
23. Najati Sidqi, “I Went to Defend Jerusalem in Cordoba, Memoirs of a Palestinian Communist in the Spanish International Brigades,” Jerusalem Quarterly 62 (Spring 2015): 102–09. ↩
24. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 161–62. 필자는 이 책이나 그 존재를 증명할 어떤 증거도 찾지 못했다. ↩
25. 이 장에서는 1979년에 출간된 원본을 사용했다. 2001년 판에는 한나 아부 한나(Hanna Abu Hanna)의 서문이 수록되어 있으며 팔레스타인 연구소에서 출간되었다. 제2차 세계대전 이후 그의 지적 궤적에 관해서는 다음을 참조하라. Ibrahim Abu Hashhash, Najati Sidqi: His Life and Literature (Jerusalem: The Palestinian Academic Society for International Afairs, 1990); Mona Asaad, Najati Sidqi: A Writer and Political Thinker (Damascus: Dar Al-Mubtada, 1992); Yacoub al-Audat, Min Alam al Fikr wal Adab f Filasteen (Amman: Dar al-Isra, 1992). ↩
26. You Come From Far Away, directed by Amal Ramsis (Egypt/Lebanon, 2018). ↩
27. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 125. ↩
28. 마르티는 프랑스 공산당 지도자이자 스페인 내전 당시 국제여단 정치위원이었다. ↩
29. Nachman List, “Between Anti-Imperialism and Anti-Fascism,” Keshet 3, no. 15 (Spring 1962): 159–61. ↩
30. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 131–32. ↩
31. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 131–32. ↩
32. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 132 ↩
33. Mijail Koltsov, Diario de la Guerra de España (Barcelona: BackList, 2009), 121; Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 139. ↩
34. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 137–38. ↩
35. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 138. ↩
36. Koltsov, Diario de la Guerra, 121. 시드키가 그러한 계획에 참여했는지 여부는 불분명하다. 그러나 콜초프의 글은 모로코인들을 공화파의 대의에 동원하려 했던 시드키의 전반적인 노력을 확인해 주는 귀중한 외부 참고 자료다. ↩
37. “Se va a crear el batallón antifascista de milicias marroquíes,” La Voz, October 7, 1936, 3; “Batallón de Milicias marroquíes,” El Sol, October 7, 1936, 5. ↩
38. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 147. ↩
39. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 147. ↩
40. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 148, 150. ↩
41. Dimant, Combattants juifs, 72. ↩
42. See Gerben Zaagsma, “‘Red Devils’: The Botwin Company in the Spanish Civil War,” East European Jewish Afairs 33, no. 1 (2008): 83–99. ↩
43. Shmuel Dothan, Reds: The Communist Party in Eretz Israel [in Hebrew] (Kfar Sava: Shvana Hasofer Publishing, 1991), 246; “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” [in Hebrew] Ma’ariv, June 18, 1990, 14; Moshe Bachar, “Hanita is Preferable to Madrid: The Reaction of the Yishuv in Palestine to the Civil War in Spain” [in Hebrew] (MA thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1998), 247; Sichon, “Les volontaires juifs,” 55; Dimant, Combattants juifs, IX, 73, 41, 153. ↩
44. Naim Nasser, “The Spanish Civil War and the Mysterious Fate of the Palestinian and Arab Volunteers” [in Arabic], Hiwar al-Mutamadin, November 11, 2008 [online]. ↩
45. Bin Salem, “Los voluntarios árabes,” 570; Dimant, Combattants juifs, III and 73; Bofarull, “Brigadistas árabes,” 121–34. ↩
46. Yeshayahu Sakli, “My Friend the Terrorist” [in Hebrew], Davar Hashavua, August 22, 1986, 23. ↩
47. “Jews in the International Brigades in Spain,” Al Hamishmar, July 19, 1966, 2; Yossef Algazi, “With the Last of the Jewish Soldiers Who Fought in the Spanish Civil War,” Haaretz, May 10, 2004 [online; both in Hebrew]. ↩
48. Mahir al-Sharlf, Tariq al-Kifah f Filastin wa-al-mashriq al-arabi: Mudhakkirat al-qaid al-shuyui Mahmud al-Atrash al-Maghribl, 1903–1939 [in Arabic] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2015), 87, 353; Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 76. ↩
49. Israel Centner, From Madrid to Berlin [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: 1966); 251–52; Dimant, Combattants juifs, 283–84; Efraïm Wuzek, Combattants juifs de la guerre d’Espagne: La compagnie Botwin (Paris: Sylllepse, 2012), 169. ↩
50. Ruth Lubitz, I Chose to Live the Struggle [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Shahar, 1985), 187. ↩
51. Dimant, Combattants juifs, 283–84; Musa Budeiri, Shuyu‘in f Filastin: Shadhaya Tarikh Mansi (Ramallah: Muwatin, 2013), 90. ↩
52. “An Inciting Arab Communist” [in Hebrew], Haaretz, June 2, 1936, 8. ↩
53. Central Zionist Archives (CZA(, “Communist Activity in the Land of Israel,” S25/7531. ↩
54. Inbal Ofer and Raanan Rein, “Becoming Brigadistas: Jewish Volunteers from Palestine in the Spanish Civil War,” European History Quarterly 46, no. 1 (2016): 94–97. ↩
55. Ruth Levin, The Righteous Were with Spain, 1936–1939 [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Ofakim Publishers, 1987), 69. ↩
56. Levin, The Righteous, 135; Centner, From Madrid to Berlin, 251–53. 레빈과 센트너 모두 브론의 저서 Pasaremos (Warsaw: Iskry, 1958)에 의존하고 있으나, 이 책에서 그러한 증언은 발견되지 않았다. ↩
57. Dimant, Combattants juifs, 283; Efraïm Wuzek, Combattants juifs, 169. ↩
58. Centner, From Madrid to Berlin, 251–53. ↩
59. Lustiger, Shalom libertad, 433–34; Gerhard Hop, “Salud wa Salam. Araber im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg,” INAMO 33, no. 9 (2003): 54. ↩
60. Centner, From Madrid to Berlin, 162, 302. ↩
61. Sakli, “My Friend the Terrorist,” 23. ↩
62. Levin, The Righteous, 205. ↩
63. Author’s interview with Hussein Yassin, April 4, 2023. ↩
64. “And Rhese are the Names of the Heroes Who Fell in the Spanish War,” Kol Ha’am, July 18, 1946, 3; “Yizcor,” Kol Ha’am, July 18, 1947, 3. ↩
65. Wuzek, Combattants juifs, 124. ↩
66. Wuzek, Combattants juifs, 125–27, 169. 다음도 보라: Lubitz, I Chose to Live, 187; Lustiger, Shalom libertad, 433–34; Dimant, Combattants juifs, 283–84. ↩
67. Centner, From Madrid to Berlin, 251–53. ↩
68. “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” Ma’ariv, June 18, 1990, 15. ↩
69. Author’s interview with Hussein Yassin, March 16, 2022. ↩
70. Author’s interview with Hussein Yassin, March 16, 2022. ↩
71. Ali, qisat rajul mustaqim (Ramallah: Dar al-Ru’aat, 2017). 스페인어판은 4년 뒤 다음 제목으로 출간되었다. Ali, el brigadista: Historia de un hombre recto (Granada: Editorial Comares, 2021). ↩
72. Jamil Al-Salhout, “Ali, qisat rajul mustaqim f al-yawm al-saabie,” Diwan alArab, June 24, 2018 [online]. ↩
73. Arnold Krammer, “The Cult of the Spanish Civil War in East Germany,” Journal of Contemporary History 39, no. 4 (2004): 531–60; Josie McLellan, Antifascism and Memory in East Germany: Remembering the International Brigades 1945– 1989 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004); George L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). ↩
74. Rein, “A Belated Inclusion,” 29. ↩
75. 다음을 보라. Dothan, Reds: The Communist Party; Budeiri, The Palestine Communist Party 1919–1948; Jacob Hen-Tov, Communism and Zionism in Palestine during the British Mandate (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2012). ↩
76. “The Palestinian Socialist Youth Hastens to Save Spain,” HaYarden, January 1, 1938, 6; “A Group of 60 Communists from Israel is Fighting the Militia Brigades,” HaBoker, November 9, 1936, 3. ↩
77. Salim Tamari, “Najati Sadqi (1905–79): The Enigmatic Jerusalem Bolshevik,” Journal of Palestine Studies 32, no. 2 (2003): 167; author’s interview with Hussein Yassin, March 16, 2022. ↩
78. Inigo Alexander, “The Spanish Civil War’s Forgotten Arab Republicans,” Middle East Eye, November 19, 2021 [online]. ↩
79. Jefrey Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009); Robert Melka, “Nazi Germany and the Palestine Question,” Middle Eastern Studies 5, no. 3 (October 1969): 221–33. 최근 학자들은 1930년대와 1940년대 아랍어권 세계의 태도가 훨씬 더 다양하고 미묘했다고 주장하며 이러한 가정에 이의를 제기하고 있다. 예를 들어 다음을 참조하라. Gershoni, ed., Arab Responses to Fascism and Nazism; Götz Nordbruch, Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945 (London: Routledge, 2009); Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Confronting Fascism in Egypt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010). ↩
80. Kabha, “The Spanish Civil War,” 135–36. ↩
81. Rein, “A Belated Inclusion,” 29. 이와 관련하여 가장 주목할 만한 것은 예루살렘의 대무프티 아민 알후세이니(Amin al-Husseini)와 그가 히틀러와 맺은 동맹이었다. 다음을 참조하라. Jefrey Herf, “Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration,” Jewish Political Studies Review 26, no. 3/4 (Fall 2014): 13–37. 이는 팔레스타인 내 아랍 인구 대다수의 정치적 의식이 제한적이었음을 말해준다. ↩
82. Kabha, The Spanish Civil War, 128, 133. ↩
83. Kabha, The Spanish Civil War, 135–36. ↩
84. Kabha, The Spanish Civil War, 128, 133. ↩
85. Mustafa Kabha, The Palestinian Press as a Shaper of Public Opinion 1929– 1939: Writing Up a Storm (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007), 187, 236. ↩
86. “Jews in the International Brigades in Spain,” Al Hamishmar, July 19, 1966, 2. ↩
87. Lustiger, Shalom libertad, 433–34. ↩
88. Bin Salem, “Los voluntarios árabes,” 553. ↩
89. 다음도 보라. Mordechai Avi-Shaul, Mark Milman: A Jewish Captain in Fighting Spain [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Author, 1945). ↩
90. Centner, From Madrid to Berlin, 252. ↩
91. Hassan Khedr, “Najati Sidqi wafada’ aldhaakira,” Al-Ayyam, September 29, 2005 [online]. ↩
92. Zvi Gilat, “After You, Pasionaria” [in Hebrew], Hadashot, June 27, 1986, 36. ↩
93. 시드키의 회고록은 그의 아내 루드카(Ludka)와 1930년 예루살렘에서 태어난 큰딸 다울라트(Dawlat, 인터내셔널이라고도 불림)에게 헌정되었다. 그들의 이름은 책에서 여러 번 언급된다(pp. 1, 91, 107, 109, 111 참조). ↩
94. “The Communist Covered with a Scarf,” Do’ar Hayom, December 10, 1931, 2; “Siti Khadijah Ludka before the Throne of Justice,” Do’ar Hayom, December 9, 1931, 4. ↩
95. “The Trial of the Arab Communists,” Ha’am, May 15, 1931, 2. 루드카의 공산주의 활동, 재판, 수감, 시드키와의 결혼에 대한 자세한 내용은 다음을 보라. “The Trial of the Owner of the Communist Printing House in Ratisbonne,” Do’ar Hayom, December 2, 1931, 3; “Ludka Was Sentenced to One Year in Prison,” Do’ar Hayom, December 13, 1931, 4; “Siti Khadijah is Bat Sheva Luberboim,” Do’ar Hayom, December 1, 1931, 1. ↩
96. Sakli, “My Friend the Terrorist,” 23. ↩
97. Dalia Karpel, “In Moscow, They Called Her Yamina,” Haaretz, December 12, 2004 [online]. ↩
98. Author’s interview with Hussein Yassin, March 16, 2022. ↩
99. Allison Kaplan Sommer, “When Lucy Met Tzachi,” Foreign Policy, November 15, 2018 [online]. ↩
100. Maria Rosa de Madariaga, “The Intervention of Moroccan Troops in the Spanish Civil War: A Reconsideration,” European History Quarterly 22, no. 1 (1992): 79–80. ↩
101. Sidqi, “I Went to Defend Jerusalem in Cordoba,” 103–04; Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 126. ↩
102. 시드키의 임무를 알게 된 후 호기심에 이끌린 한 영국인의 반응. 다음 참조: Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 131. ↩
103. Mechbal, “Los Moros de la Guerra Civil,” 3; Elisabeth Bolorinos Allard, “The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other During the Spanish Civil War,” Hispanic Studies and Researches on Spain, Portugal and Latin America 93, no. 6 (2016): 623–37. ↩
104. Dolores Ibárruri, Las heroicas mujeres de España (Buenos Aires: Editorial IndoAmerica, 1938), 12–13. ↩
105. Sánchez Ruano, Islam y Guerra Civil, 282–83. ↩
106. Pedro Corral, Desertores. La Guerra Civil que nadie quiere contar (Madrid: DEBATE, 2007), 448. ↩
107. Sidqi, “I Went to Defend Jerusalem,” 104–05. ↩
108. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 137. ↩
109. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 14. ↩
110. Najati Sidqi, “Islam and Nazism” [in Hebrew], HaBoker, September 30, 1940, 2, ↩
111. Najati Sidqi, Al-Taqalid al-islamiyya wa-l-mabadiʾ al-naziyya: hal tattafqan? (Beirut: Dar al-Kashf, 1940). ↩
112. Sidqi, Mudhakkirat Najati Sidqi, 166–67. ↩
113. Hassan Khedr, “Najati Sidqi wafada’ aldhaakira,” Al-Ayyam, September 29, 2005. ↩