스페인 내전의 알려지지 않은 이야기들

주석

1. No author, “Refugees from Bilbao,” The Times, May 23, 1937, 11. ↩
2. Manuel Rodríguez와의 인터뷰, Alicia Pozo-Gutierrez and Padmini Broomfeld, “Here, Look After Him”: Voices of Basque Evacuee Children of the Spanish Civil War (Southampton: University of Southampton, 2012), 62에 인용됨. ↩
3. 여기서 "Nationalist"라는 용어는 바스크 민족주의자를 지칭하는 데 사용한다. ↩
4. 선별된 서지는 다음을 참조하라. Dorothy Legarreta, The Guernica Generation: Basque Refugee Children of the Spanish Civil War (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1984); Adrian Bell, Only for Three Months: The Basque Refugee Children in Exile, 2nd ed. (Norwich: Mousehold Press, 2007); Gregorio Arrien, ¡Salvad a los niños! Historia del exilio vasco en Gran Bretaña, 1937–1940 (Bilbao: Fundacion Sabino Arana, 2014); Alicia Alted Vigil, Roger González, and María José Millán, eds., El exilio de los niños (Madrid: Fundación Francisco Largo Caballero y Fundación Pablo Iglesias, 2003); César Alcalá, Los niños del exilio (1936–1939) (Madrid: Sekotia, 2010); Verónica Sierra Blas, Palabras huérfanas: los niños y la Guerra Civil (Madrid: Taurus, 2009). ↩
5. Alicia Alted Vigil, “Las consecuencias de la Guerra Civil española en los niños de la República: de la dispersión al exilio,” Espacio, Tiempo y Forma 5, no. 9 (1996): 207–28; Laura Sánchez Blanco and José Luis Hernández Huerta, “La infancia en tiempos de guerra. Colonias, guarderías y refugios en la guerra civil española,” in Temas y perspectivas sobre educación. La infancia ayer y hoy, ed. José Luis Hernández Huerta, Laura Sánchez Blanco, and Iván Pérez Miranda (Salamanca: Globalia, 2009), 231–45; Sjaak Braster and María del Mar del Pozo Andrés, “Education and the Children’s Colonies in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939): The Images of the Community Ideal,” Pedagogica Historica 51, no. 4 (2015): 455–77. ↩
6. Ludger Mees, Nationalism, Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), ch. 3; Santiago de Pablo, “La guerra civil en el País Vasco: ¿un conficto diferente?” Ayer 50 (2003): 115–41; Santiago de Pablo, “La evolución del nacionalismo vasco (1876–1978),” in Les nationalismes en Espagne: de l’etat libéral a l’etat des autonomies (1876–1978), ed. Francisco Campuzano Carvajal (Montpellier: Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée, 2002), 311–30; José Luis de la Granja Sainz, “El nacimiento de Euskadi: el Estatuto de 1936 y el primer Gobierno vasco,” Historia Contemporánea 35 (2007): 427–50. ↩
7. Jon Penche González, Juan Garcia Colás (1891–1941): Biografía del Primer Consejero de Asistencia Social del Gobierno Vasco (Vitoria-Gasteiz: Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, 2016), 83–85; Jesús J. Alonso Carballés, “El primer exilio de los vascos, 1936–1939,” Historia Contemporánea 35 (2007): 683–708, pp. 687–94. ↩
8. Virginia López de Maturana, “Exile, Identity, and Education: The Evacuation of Basque Children to the French Basque Country, 1937–1939,” in War, Exile, Justice and Everyday Life, 1936–1946, ed. Sandra Ott (Reno: University of Reno, 2011), 85–106; Virginia López de Maturana, “Exilio, identidad y educación. Los niños vascos evacuados al País Vasco francés durante la Guerra Civil,” Sancho el Sabio, extr. 3 (2020): 181–209. 로페스 데 마투라나는 또한 전쟁 이전 민족주의자들의 교육 정책과 관행에 대한 유용한 개관을 제공하는데, 이는 본 논문의 범위를 벗어난다. ↩
9. 보조원, 교사, 사제에 관해서는 다음을 참조하라. Arrien, ¡Salvad a los niños!, chs. 4, 9, and 10. ↩
10. Diary of Luis Aguirre, quoted in Arrien, ¡Salvad a los niños!, 136. ↩
11. Dolores Bravo, “Navegando hacia el pueblo inglés,” Mujeres (Bilbao), May 22, 1937, 4. ↩
12. Ondarreta, “Vuelan los ángeles,” Euzkadi, May 26, 1937, 7. ↩
13. 스페인의 신학교 운동에 관해서는 다음을 보라. Braster and Del Mar del Pozo Andrés, “Education and the Children’s Colonies”; idem, “The Reinvention of the New Education Movement in the Franco Dictatorship (Spain, 1936–1976),” Paedagogica Histórica 42, no. 1–2 (2006): 109–26; “The Reinvention of the New Education Movement in the Franco Dictatorship (Spain, 1936–1976),” Paedagogica Histórica 42, no. 1–2 (2006): 109–26; Francisco Javier Pericacho, Miguel Ángel Novillo, Amaya Arigita, Roberto Sánchez-Cabrero, Amelia Barrientos, and Lidia MañosoPacheco, “History of the Spanish Pedagogical Renewal through Its Education Centers: 1876–1972,” Educational Process 8, no. 2 (2019): 134–44; Bienvenido Martín Fraile, Isabel Ramos Ruiz, and Pablo Álvarez Domínguez, “La cultura escolar de la Segunda República española. Legislación, teoría y praxis escolar,” Educatio Siglo XXI 37, no. 3 (2019): 111–32; Jorge Cáceres, Tamar Groves, and Mariano González Delgado, “Progressive Education on the Eve of the Civil War and the Question of Its Destruction by the Franco Regime,” in this volume. ↩
14. Bruno Cabanes, The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 297–98. Save the Children Fund와 전간기 아동 인도주의에 대해서는 다음 또한 참조할 것. Emily Baughan, Saving the Children: Humanitarianism, Internationalism, and Empire (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2022). ↩
15. Jim Fyrth, The Signal Was Spain: The Spanish Aid Movement in Britain, 1936–39 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1986); Tom Buchanan, “The Role of the British Labour Movement in the Origins and Work of the Basque Children’s Committee, 1937–9,” European History Quarterly 18 (1998): 155–74; Kevin Myers, “The Ambiguities of Aid and Agency,” Cultural and Social History 6, no. 1 (2009): 26–46; Kevin Myers, “History, Migration and Childhood,” Family and Community History 3, no. 2 (2000): 147–57. ↩
16. 주목할 만한 몇 가지 사례로는 스페인 내 어린이 집단 거주지에 자금을 지원한 위탁 부모 제도와, 프렌즈 봉사회(Friends Service Council) 및 세이브더칠드런 펀드(Save the Children Fund)가 마드리드, 바르셀로나, 발렌시아에서 어린이들에게 우유를 배급하고 식당, 어린이 급식소, 집단 거주지를 유지한 일 등이 있다. 다음을 보라. National Joint Committee, Bulletin no. 3, March 5, 1937; Bulletin no. 6, May 1, 1937; and Report on Spanish Relief in Great Britain, 1936–1938, Marx Memorial Library (MML), SC/EPH/2/1/2. ↩
17. George Steer, “The Tragedy of Guernica,” The Times, April 28, 1937, 17; Paul Preston, “No Simple Purveyor of News: George Steer and Guernica,” History Today 57, no. 5 (2007): 12–19. ↩
18. No author, “Political Notes,” The Times, April 29, 1937, 16. ↩
19. Mateo Múgica, Bishop of Vitoria, Letter to the Archbishop of Westminster, April 28, 1937, Euskadiko Artxibo Historikoa/Archivo Histórico de Euskadi (EAH), Archivo personal de D. J. M. de Barandiarán, Ync0601. ↩
20. Arthur Hinsley, Archbishop of Westminster. Letter to the Bishop of Vitoria, May 7, 1937, EAH, Archivo personal de D. J. M. de Barandiarán, Ync0619. ↩
21. Sir John Simon, Letter to Wilfrid Roberts, MP, April 29, 1937, The National Archives (TNA), HO 213/287. ↩
22. Note on the Question of the Evacuation of Basque Children to this Country on Behalf of the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, May 4, 1937, TNA, HO 213/287. ↩
23. Wilfrid Roberts, MP, Letter to Home Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare, June 8, 1937, TNA, HO 213/288; Basque Children’s Committee, Minutes of Executive Committee Meeting, May 31, 1937, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, Trades Union Congress (TUC) Archives, Basque Children’s Committee: Minutes and Documents 1937–1939, 292/946/39/107. 다음 또한 참조할 것. Buchanan, “Role of the British Labour Movement.” ↩
24. 다음을 보라. Peter Anderson, “The Struggle over the Evacuation to the United Kingdom and Repatriation of Basque Refugee Children in the Spanish Civil War: Symbols and Souls,” Journal of Contemporary History 52, no. 2 (2017): 297– 318; No author, “Franco Protests to Britain: Refugee Plan a Red Ruse,” The Daily Mail, May 4, 1937, 14; Notes of Proceedings from the Deputation from the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, May 14, 1937, TNA, HO 213/288. ↩
25. Relación de afliados a diferentes agrupaciones socialistas que envían sus hijos a Inglaterra, 12 de mayo del 1937, Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica, Sección Político Social, Bilbao 0071_044. ↩
26. Bell, Only for Three Months, 39에 인용된 인터뷰. ↩
27. Cinco comunicaciones de la Secretaría General del Gobierno de Euskadi, dirigidas al Partido Nacionalista Vasco, EAH, Archivo Santiago Aznar Sarachaga, Serie: Aznar, Aguirre, Familia, Penne d’Agenais, Legajo 5:555. ↩
28. López de Maturana, “Exile, Identity, and Education,” 89–93, 98–99. 다음 또한 참조할 것. Pauli Davila Balsera, Ana Eizagirre Sagardia, and Idoia Fernandez Fernandez, “Los procesos de alfabetización y escolarización en Euskal Herria, 1860–1990,” Ikastaria: cuadernos de educación 7 (1994): 63–99, pp. 86–87. ↩
29. José Lizaso, Letter to Juan Garcia, June 17, 1937, EAH, Archivo Histórico del Gobierno Vasco, Fondo del Departamento de Asistencia Social, Sección Secretaría Particular, Legajo: 410:09. ↩
30. Archivo de la Fundación Universitaria Española, Fondo Niños Vascos, Caja 1. ↩
31. Duchess of Atholl, Letter to the Editor of The Times, July 13, 1937, 10; Betty Arne, Letter to the Editor of The Times, September 6, 1937, 8. ↩
32. “Care of Spanish War Victims: 4,000 Basque Children Expected,” The Times, May 14, 1937, 14; “4,000 Refugees Here Tomorrow,” The Daily Telegraph, May 22, 1937, 10; Yvonne Cloud, The Basque Children in England: An Account of Their Life at North Stoneham Camp (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), 54. ↩
33. See Aidan Forth, “Britain’s Archipelago of Camps: Labour and Detention in a Liberal Empire, 1871–1903,” Kritika 16, no. 3 (2015): 651–80. ↩
34. Jordanna Bailkin, Unsettled: Refugee Camps and the Making of Multicultural Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018). ↩
35. Fyrth, The Signal Was Spain, 221–24; L. Witt, Child refugees from Bilbao and Basque camp at North Stoneham, near Southampton (report), June 9, 1937, TUC Archives, Basque Children’s Committee: Minutes and Documents 1937–1939, 292/946/39/102; Jack Pavey, interview with Jim Fyrth, 1984, Imperial War Museum, 13804; Leah Manning, Dr. Richard Ellis, and Dr. Audrey Russell, telegram to Home Secretary John Simon, TNA, HO 213/288. ↩
36. 포피(Poppy)의 자매 클로이(Chloe)는 위컴마켓(Wickham Market)과 카셜턴(Carshalton)에서 아동 거주지(children’s colonies)를 운영했다. 다음을 참조할 것. Jack Pavey, Jim Fyrth와의 인터뷰; Bell, Only for Three Months, 85–88. ↩
37. Summary of a Daily Diary Kept by C. E. James, Sanitary inspector for Eastleigh, MML, SC/IND/JFY/1/1. ↩
38. Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting held at the House of Commons, June 14, 1937, TUC Archives, Basque Children’s Committee: Minutes and Documents 1937–1939, 292/946/39/88(ii). ↩
39. Rapport que presenta al Sr. Garcia el delegado de la presidencia en la delegación de Londres, José Ignacio de Lizaso, Paris, July 1, 1937, EAH, Archivo Histórico del Gobierno Vasco, Fondo del Departamento de Asistencia Social, Sección Secretaría Particular, Legajo: 410, 09; Arrien, ¡Salvad a los niños!, 149, 175–78. ↩
40. No author, “General Booth Sees Refugees,” The Daily Mail, May 27, 1937, 7; No author, “Basque Camp Closed,” Sunday Times, September 19, 1937; No author, “Kitten Mascot of Refugee Children,” Sunday Mirror, September 19, 1937, 8; Summary of a Diary by C. E. James; E. P. Harris, Report of meeting of the National Committee for Basque Children, June 22, 1937, TUC Archives, Basque Children’s Committee: Minutes and Documents 1937–1939, 292/946/39/87. ↩
41. Maurice Williams, “The Arrival of the Basque Children at the Port of Southampton,” The British Medical Journal, June 12, 1937, 1209–10. ↩
42. Ronald G. Gibson, “Four Thousand Basque Children,” The Lancet (November 6, 1937): 1091–96. ↩
43. Amador Díaz, Recollections of the Basque Children’s Camp in North Stoneham, Eastleigh (Eastleigh and District Local History Society, Extended Paper no. 3, July 1987), https://www.eastleighhistory.org.uk/sites/default/fles/document/Recollections%20 of%20the%20Basque%20Childrens%20Camp.pdf, accessed 2 September 2023. ↩
44. 빌바오에서 아동들을 진찰하고 노스스톤햄으로 가는 여정에 동행한 리처드 엘리스(Richard Ellis) 박사. ↩
45. Blas Óscar Guerrero Uriarte, Blasín, un refugiado de guerra en Inglaterra (Bilbao: Ediciones Beta, 2011), 68–69. ↩
46. E. P. Harries, Basque Camp, Eastleigh (report), May 1937, Basque Children’s Committee: Minutes and Documents 1937–1939, TUC Archives, 292/946/39/111; E. P. Harries, Letter to Walter Citrine, May 28, 1937, Basque Children’s Committee: Minutes and Documents 1937–1939, TUC Archives, 292/946/39/110; Summary of a Diary by C. E. James. ↩
47. Cloud, The Basque Children, 33–34; Summary of a Diary by C. E. James. ↩
48. Cloud, The Basque Children, 52–53. ↩
49. No author, “Homes Found for Basque Children: 400 Arriving in London Today,” The Daily Telegraph, May 26, 1937, 8. ↩
50. Testimonial by Miren Sesumaga Uribe-Echevarria and Moïses Moragrega Alonso, in Natalia Benjamin, ed., Memorias: The Basque Children Remember and are Remembered (n.p.: Natalia Benjamin, 2012), 91. ↩
51. Rafael de Barrutia와의 인터뷰, Arrien, ¡Salvad a los niños!, 163에 인용됨. ↩
52. Herminio Martínez와의 인터뷰, Pozo-Gutierrez and Broomfeld, Here, Look After Him, 62에 인용됨. ↩
53. Mari Angeles Jauregui와의 인터뷰, Pozo-Gutierrez and Broomfeld, Here, Look After Him, 63에 인용됨. ↩
54. Recollections of Amador Díaz. ↩
55. Unnamed informant, quoted in Legarreta, Guernica Generation, 111. ↩
56. Myers, “Ambiguities of Aid and Agency,” 31–35. ↩
57. No author, “4,000 Basque Children Reach England,” The Daily Telegraph, May 24, 1937, 13–14. ↩
58. No author, “Southampton’s Thirty-Acre Camp for the Bilbao Refugees,” The Sphere, May 29, 1937, 463. ↩
59. No author, “Communist Waifs Stop Play,” Daily Mirror, May 28, 1937, 3. ↩
60. 예를 들어 다음을 참조할 것. No author, “The Fall of Bilbao: Sorrow of Refugee Children,” The Times, June 21, 1937, 16; No author, “Basque Children Stampede,” The Daily Mail, June 21, 1937, 7; No author, “Basque Children Apologise, Say ‘We’ll Be Good,’” The Daily Express, June 21, 1937, 6; No author, “Basque Children Apologise: Camp Panic Sequel,” The Daily Telegraph, June 21, 1937, 14. ↩
61. Summary of a diary by C. E. James. ↩
62. Cloud, The Basque Children, 62–63. ↩